This document is a **dense exam study guide** for an evolutionary biology course, organized into two sections.
The first section profiles **over 30 key historical figures**—from ancient philosophers (Anaximander, Plato) and medieval scholars (Al-Jahiz, Aquinas) to 19th-century pioneers (Lamarck, Darwin, Wallace, Mendel) and early geneticists (Morgan, Dubois)—each summarized by their single most important contribution to evolutionary thought, geology, genetics, or taxonomy.
The second section defines **core theoretical concepts**, including five species concepts (Biological, Phylogenetic, Morphological, Ecological, Unified), three modes of speciation (Allopatric, Sympatric, Parapatric), reproductive isolating mechanisms, Darwin's five observations and three inferences, and key distinctions between Lamarckian, Darwinian, and Wallacean views of evolution.