Pathopysiology- Cell Response to Injury and Cancer Test Quiz

Cancers are generally named according to which type of tissue they affect. Which of the following types of cancers affects epithelial tissue?

A. Lymphoma
B. Carcinoma
C. Sarcoma
D. Glioma

A client has persistent inflammation for the past six months due to an autoimmune disease. Which of the following are characteristics of chronic inflammation?

A. It only includes cells of the innate immune system
B. It can cause tissue damage and fibrosis
C. It aids in wound healing and resolution
D. It responds immediately after exposure or damage

Which of the following statements is true regarding free radicals?

A. Free radicals are stable, nonreactive molecules
B. Free radicals are not known to cause cancer since they are a natural byproduct of metabolism
C. Free radicals are the result of exposure to carcinogens
D. Free radicals are produced by consumption of antioxidants

Which of the following is the correct definition of ischemia?

A. Excess blood oxygen levels
B. Programmed cellular death
C. Irreversible cellular death
D. Short-term lack of cellular oxygen

A client has reoccurring eyelid drooping and double vision at the end of the day. These signs and symptoms are most commonly associated with which of the following diseases?

A. Guillain-Barre Syndrome
B. Myasthenia Gravis
C. Parkinson's Disease
D. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

A client comes to the emergency department (ED) with a high heart rate, elevated temperature, and elevated neutrophil count. A chest x-ray reveals that the client has pneumonia. What term may be used to correctly describe the client's condition?

A. Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)
B. Chronic Inflammation
C. Cardiogenic Shock
D. Sepsis

What symptoms would a client with Huntington's disease generally exhibit?

A. Slow movement
B. Swallowing impairment
C. Respiratory distress
D. Involuntary movements

A client with chronic acid reflux is told that cells in their esophagus have undergone metaplasia. Which are common characteristics of cells that have undergone metaplasia? Select all that apply.

A. Metaplasia means the cells have changed into a different type of cell to help protect the esophagus
B. Metaplasia means that the cells have decreased in size to help protect the lining of the esophagus
C. Metaplasia means the cells have become precancerous and appear deranged in size, shape, and structure
D. Metaplasia can be reversed if the client's acid reflux decreases by following the prescribed treatment plan
E. Metaplasia will automatically develop into dysplasia even if the client's reflux improves

A client is told that their colon cancer has spread into the lymph nodes and is now in the lungs. This is consistent with what stage of cancer?

A. Stage III
B. Stage II
C. Stage IV
D. Stage I

A client with multiple sclerosis is wondering why they are experiencing vision loss, incontinence, and gait issues. As a nurse, you know that which of the following describes pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis?

A. Destruction of motor neurons in the peripheral nervous system
B. Destruction of the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system
C. Destruction of motor neurons due to a genetic condition
D. Destruction of the myelin sheath in the central nervous system

What is the criteria used to monitor the impact of inflammation on a client's vital signs?

A. Cellular Differentiation
B. Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) analysis
C. Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)
D. TNM System

A healthcare provider explains to their client that the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is important because HPV may become oncogenic. What other common viruses can also be oncogenic?

A. Rhinovirus and Herpes zoster
B. Epstein-Barr virus and Hepatitis A
C. Coronavirus and Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
D. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) and Hepatitis B

Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of redness at the site of a soft tissue injury?

A. Direct injury to the nerve fibers in the joint
B. Platelet activation causing a hematoma
C. Vasodilation from the release of histamine
D. Presence of T-cells and B-cells in the area

A client has increasing periods of forgetfulness and personality changes as the result of amyloid plaque formation. These signs are associated with which condition?

A. Multiple Sclerosis
B. Guillain-Barre Syndrome
C. Alzheimer's Disease
D. Parkinson's Disease

Two clients with the same injury may experience differing levels of pain and discomfort. Which of the following explains why pain is so subjective?

A. Different substance P and glutamate levels between individuals
B. There should not be a difference in pain between these individuals
C. Different levels of dopamine and norepinephrine between individuals
D. Varying activity level of the inhibitory nerves in the brain from person to person

A week after an unvaccinated client steps on a rusty nail, they are showing signs of tetanus. Which of the following signs and symptoms is the client most likely to exhibit?

A. Muscle paralysis and vomiting
B. Muscle weakness and increased bleeding
C. Muscle relaxation and headaches
D. Muscle spasms and seizures

Which of the following are characteristics of an acute inflammatory response? Select all that apply.

A. Involves lymphocytes and plasma cells
B. Responds immediately and usually lasts no more than a few days
C. Typically lasts for months
D. Is persistent and can be a result of an autoimmune disease
E. Results in resolution of the injury

Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of scleroderma?

A. Destruction of myelin sheath resulting in the inability to transmit signals
B. Autoimmune disorder that causes endothelial damage from increased collagen
C. Genetic disorder that results in autoantibodies attacking the nucleic acids
D. Loss of dopamine producing cells that result in movement related symptoms

A client with advanced Alzheimer's is not able to recognize familiar objects. This is an example of which of the following?

A. Amnesia
B. Aphasia
C. Apraxia
D. Agnosia

Systemic Lupus Erythematous (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that impacts many body systems. Which of the following elements are typically targeted by antibodies as a result of this condition?

A. Cartilage
B. Nervous tissue
C. Antigens
D. Nucleic acids

Hypertension causes the left ventricle to grow larger due to the increased workload. What type of adaptation will the cells undergo to compensate?

A. Metaplasia
B. Hyperplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Dysplasia

A client comes to the health care clinic with a healing deep laceration. The healthcare provider notes that epithelization is occurring, and the fibroblasts are producing collagen to fill in the damaged tissues. What stage of wound healing does this represent?

A. Proliferative phase
B. Hemostasis phase
C. Remodeling phase
D. Inflammatory phase

A client falls and hits their knee on a rock. The pain stimulus is detected, transformed into an electrical stimulus, then transmitted to the spinal cord. What is the next step in the pain pathway?

A. Transmission
B. Modulation
C. Transduction
D. Perception

A client is exhibiting signs and symptoms of systemic inflammation. Which signs and symptoms would the healthcare provider expect in this client? Select all that apply.

A. Low band count
B. Elevated body temperature
C. High white blood cell count
D. Redness at the site of injury
E. Abnormal vital signs

A client has a wound that is about a month old. Upon assessment, the nurse notes the presence of a raised scar with excessive tissue. This is best described by which of the following?

A. Abscess formation of the wound
B. Fibrosis due to acute inflammation
C. Keloid scarring of the wound
D. Resolution of the injured tissue

A client had a viral upper respiratory infection about a week ago. The client stated they started having paralysis in their feet and legs that has now started to ascend towards their waist. These symptoms are most consistent with which of the following conditions?

A. Myasthenia Gravis
B. Parkinson's Disease
C. Fibromyalgia
D. Guillain-Barre Syndrome

A client presents to the urgent care with an isolated swollen, red, extremely painful left big toe. The client drinks three beers a day and consumes large amounts red meats. This client is most at risk for what condition?

A. A bacterial infection
B. Rheumatoid arthritis
C. Gout
D. Scleroderma

A client wakes up everyday with pain and stiffness in both hands that improves throughout the day. The nurse suspects that the client might have which of the following conditions?

A. Myasthenia gravis
B. Rheumatoid arthritis
C. Systemic lupus erythematous
D. Guillain-Barre syndrome

A client is diagnosed with Parkinson's disease and wants to know what kind of symptoms should be expected as the disease progresses. The nurse knows that which of the following are the most common symptoms of Parkinson's disease?

A. Blurry vision and incontinence
B. Muscle weakness and respiratory failure
C. Shuffling gait and resting muscle tremors
D. Ascending paralysis and breathing difficulty

A client is diagnosed with cancer. Which of the following are characteristics of a malignant tumor? Select all that apply.

A. Avoids host defenses
B. Rapid, uncontrolled growth
C. Does not damage surrounding tissue
D. Localized to one tissue only
E. Poor differentiation

A client has a dull ache in their left ankle after a long hike on a steep trail. This is an example of which type of pain?

A. Somatic pain
B. Neuropathic pain
C. Visceral pain
D. Chronic pain

A client eats home-canned peaches and tests positive for Clostridium botulinum. The nurse knows that the client could develop which of the following conditions as a result of Clostridium botulinum?

A. Descending paralysis
B. Difficulty talking
C. Muscle tremors
D. Ascending weakness

Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of Parkinson's Disease?

A. Amyloid plaque formation in the brain
B. A demyelination of the neuron sheaths
C. Loss of only motor neuron function
D. A loss of dopamine cells in the substantia nigra

A client is feeling unwell, with a rash across their cheeks and nose. Laboratory tests show anemia and some kidney damage. These signs and symptoms are most consistent with what condition?

A. Scleroderma
B. Multiple Sclerosis
C. Systemic Lupus Erythematous (SLE)
D. Fibromyalgia

In an inflammatory response, which of the following white blood cells are the first to leave the bloodstream and arrive at the site of injury?

A. Macrophages
B. Basophils
C. Neutrophils
D. Lymphocytes

How does hypoxia alter cellular function?

A. Only aerobic metabolism can occur causing cells to shrink and decreased production of ATP
B. Only aerobic metabolism can occur causing cells to shrink and lack of protein synthesis
C. Only anaerobic metabolism can occur causing cellular edema, and lack of protein synthesis
D. Only anaerobic metabolism can occur causing cellular edema and increased production of ATP

A client presents to the clinic with recent symptoms of muscle fatigue, blurred vision, and recent urinary incontinence. These signs and symptoms are most consistent with which neurologic condition?

A. Parkinson's disease
B. Guillain-Barre Syndrome
C. Systemic Lupus Erythematous (SLE)
D. Multiple Sclerosis

A client is diagnosed with fibromyalgia after many tests and doctor visits. What symptoms is the client most likely experiencing?

A. Symmetrical joint pain and dark urine
B. Swelling of joints and frequent fevers
C. Butterfly rash and muscle pain
D. Chronic pain and poor sleep

During the inflammatory response, antigens are tagged so that neutrophils and macrophages can more easily engulf the correct material. What is this process called?

A. Opsonization
B. Cellular response
C. Angiogenesis
D. Differentiation

A client presents with jaundice, fatigue, and elevated liver enzymes. The healthcare provider suspects hepatitis. Which type of hepatitis is most commonly associated with chronic infection and liver cancer?

A. Hepatitis A
B. Hepatitis B
C. Hepatitis C
D. Hepatitis D

A client with rheumatoid arthritis asks why their joints are always swollen and painful. The nurse explains that rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease. What is the primary immune response in rheumatoid arthritis?

A. Attack on the synovial membrane by autoantibodies
B. Destruction of cartilage by neutrophils
C. Depletion of synovial fluid by lymphocytes
D. Degeneration of bone by macrophages

A client comes to the clinic with a butterfly-shaped rash on their face, fatigue, and joint pain. Which diagnostic test is most appropriate to confirm a suspected case of Systemic Lupus Erythematous (SLE)?

A. Rheumatoid factor (RF) test
B. Complete blood count (CBC)
C. Antinuclear antibody (ANA) test
D. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)